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Iqtisodiyot. Iqtisodiyot fanlari
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GEOGRAFIYa TA’LIMI METODIKASI
Maskur o’quv qo’llanma universitetlarning 5440500-geografiya mutaxassisliklari talabalariga shuningdek, geografiya o’qituvchilari tayyorlaydigan pedagogika universitetlari va institutlarning talabalariga hamda maktab geografiya o’qituvchilari uchun mo’ljallangan. Maskur o’quv qo’llanma kirish va olti qismdan iborat. Birinchi qismGeografiya o’kitish metodikasi fanining maksadi va vazifalariga hamda ushbu fanning rivojlanish tarixiga bag’ishlangan.
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ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND MAGNETO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
In 1845 Faraday discovered [1] that the polarization vector of linearly polarized light is rotated upon transmission through a sample that is exposed to a magnetic field parallel to the propagation direction of the light. About 30 years later, Kerr [2] observed that when linearly polarized light is reflected from a magnetic solid, its polarization plane also becomes rotated over a small angle with respect to that of the incident light. This discovery has become known as the magneto-optical (MO) Kerr effect. Since then, many other magnetooptical effects, as for example the Zeeman, Voigt and Cotton-Mouton effects [3], have been discovered. These effects all have in common that they are due to a different interaction of left- and right-hand circularly polarized light with a magnetic solid. The Kerr effect has now been known for more than a century, but it was only in recent times that it became the subject of intensive investigation. The reason for this recent development is twofold: first, the Kerr effect is relevant for modern data storage technology, because it can be used to ‘read’ suitably stored magnetic information in an optical manner [4, 5] and second, the Kerr effect has rapidly developed into an appealing spectroscopic tool in materials research. The technological research on the Kerr effect was initially motivated by the search for good magneto-optical materials that could be used as information storage media. In the course of this research, the Kerr spectra of many ferromagnetic materials were investigated. An overview of the experimental and theoretical data collected on the Kerr effect can be found in the review articles by Buschow [6], Reim and Schoenes [7], Schoenes [8], Ebert [9], Antonov et al. [10, 11], and Oppeneer [12].
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География ва табиатдан фойдаланиш
Табиатдан тўғри фойдаланиш масаласи шу қадар жиддий ва мураккаб, уни ҳал этишда ишлаб чиқариш билан бевосита боғлиқ фанлар ҳам, барча ижтимоий ва фундаментал табиий фанлар ҳам, шунингдек медицина ҳам иштирок қилиши зарур. Табиатдан тўғри фойдаланиш масаласини ўрганиш ва ҳал этишда илмий тад қиқот объектининг характери ва кўламига кўра геогра фия фани алоҳида ўрин тутади.
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ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUIT THEORY
It is now some 50 years since the first transistor was introduced on December 23, 1947. For those of us who experienced the change from glass envelope tubes to the solid-state era, it still seems like a few short years ago. The first edition of this text contained heavy coverage of tubes, with succeeding editions involving the important decision of how much coverage should be dedicated to tubes and how much to semiconductor devices. It no longer seems valid to mention tubes at all or to compare the advantages of one over the other—we are firmly in the solid-state era. The miniaturization that has resulted leaves us to wonder about its limits. Complete systems now appear on wafers thousands of times smaller than the single element of earlier networks. New designs and systems surface weekly. The engineer becomes more and more limited in his or her knowledge of the broad range of advances— it is difficult enough simply to stay abreast of the changes in one area of research or development. We have also reached a point at which the primary purpose of the container is simply to provide some means of handling the device or system and to provide a mechanism for attachment to the remainder of the network. Miniaturization appears to be limited by three factors (each of which will be addressed in this text): the quality of the semiconductor material itself, the network design technique, and the limits of the manufacturing and processing equipment
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ИННОВАЦИОН ТАДБИРКОРЛИК ФАОЛИЯТИНИ ВЕНЧУР ФОНДЛАРИ ОРҚАЛИ МОЛИЯЛАШТИРИШНИНГ ТАШКИЛИЙ- ИҚТИСОДИЙ МЕХАНИЗМИНИ ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ
Жаҳонда инновацион тадбиркорлик фаолиятини венчур фондлари орқали молиялаштириш механизмини такомиллаштириш, инновацион лойиҳалар, стартаплар ҳамда илмий тадқиқот намуналарини венчур фондлари ёрдамида молиялаштириш, илм-фан тараққиётига йўналтирилган инвестициялар кўламини ошириш, инновацион лойиҳаларни молиялаштиришга жалб қилинган стратегик инвесторларга таъсирчан солиқ имтиёзлари тақдим этиш, давлат-хусусий шериклик асосида инновацион лойиҳалар-стартаплар фаолият натижаларини тижоратлаштиришни амалга оширувчи марказлар фаолиятини йўлга қўйиш ва уларни давлат томонидан молиявий қўллаб-қувватлаш; инновацион лойиҳаларни узлуксиз молиялаштиришга эришиш мақсадида бирлашган тадбиркорлик субъектлари гуруҳи томонидан венчур фондларини тузиш ҳамда мазкур фондлар маблағларини шакллантириш ва истиқболли лойиҳаларга йўналтириш механизмини ишлаб чиқиш тадқиқотларнинг устувор йўналишлари ҳисобланади.
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GEOGRAFIYANING ASOSIY MUAMMOLARI
Jamiyat rivoji bilan uni o'rganuvchi fanlarning tadqiqot ob'ekti ham murakkablashib va takomillashib boradi. Bu tabiiy va o'z-o'zicha qonuniy holdir. Jumladan, iqtisodiy geografiyaning ob'ekti avvallari ma'lum bir mamlakat yoki rayonning xo'jalik va aholisi, ishlab chiqarish kuchlarining joylanishidan iborat bo'lgan bo'lsa, keyinchalik u xo'jalik va aholining xududiy tarkibi yoki tizimi, hududiy ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy majmualar (komplekslar) shaklini oldi. Shunga muvofiq ushbu fanning vazifasi ham o'zgarib bordi. Chunonchi, ilgari asosiy e'tibor qaerda nima borligini o'rganishga qaratilgan bo'lsa, hozirgi kunda esa nima uchun u yoki bu voqelik aynan shu joyda vujudga kelganligini ilmiy asosda izoxlab va baholab berilishi talab, qilinadi. Bunday qonuniyatlarni chuqur anglash fanning amaliy (konstruktiv) ahamiyatini yanada oshiradi. Chunki, u endi turli yiriklikdagi hududiy
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Electronic Circuit Analysis
Since publishing first edition of this book three years back, there are few additions in the subject and also as a result of receiving some feedback, it has become imperative to bring another edition to cover the lapses and bring the text mor:e useful to students. In the second edition, I have reorganised the chapters and also added few subchapters like High Frequency Amplifiers, Stability Considerations, UPS and SMPS in the respective chapters. The author is indebted to Sri. M.V. Ramanaiah, Associate Professor in the Department of ECE, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad for his efforts in going through the book and making the symbols etc. more perfect which were cropped up at the time of typing the text.
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ИННOВАЦИOН РИВOЖЛАНИШ НЕГИЗИДА БАРҚАРOР ИҚТИСOДИЙ ЎСИШ МЕХАНИЗМИНИ ТАКOМИЛЛАШТИРИШ
Мустақиллик йилларида олдинги тизимдан мерос бўлиб қолган, маънавий ва жисмоний эскирган асосий воситаларни юксак даражадаги замонавий техника ва юқори технологияларга алмаштириш, уларни ишлаб чиқаришга татбиқ этиш орқали инновацион иқтисодиётга ўтиш борасида катта саъй-ҳаракатлар қилинмоқда. "2017-2021 йилларда Ўзбекистон Республикасини ривожлантиришнинг бешта устувор йўналиши бўйича Ҳаракатлар стратегияси"нинг қабул қилиниши, 2018 йилнинг юртимизда “Фаол тадбиркорлик, инновацион ғоялар 2 ва технологияларни қўллаб қувватлаш йили" деб эълон қилиниши ҳам мазкур йўналишда қўйилган муҳим қадамдир. Зеро, "Инновация бу келажак дегани.
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Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Structures
Semiconductor-based technologies continue to evolve and astound us. New materials, new structures, and new manufacturing tools have allowed novel high performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. To understand modern semiconductor devices and to design future devices, it is important that one know the underlying physical phenomena that are exploited for devices. This includes the properties of electrons in semiconductors and their heterostructures and how these electrons respond to the outside world. This book is written for a reader who is interested in not only the physics of semiconductors, but also in how this physics can be exploited for devices. The text addresses the following areas of semiconductor physics: i) electronic properties of semiconductors including bandstructures, effective mass concept, donors, acceptors, excitons, etc.; ii) techniques that allow modifications of electronic properties; use of alloys, quantum wells, strain and polar charge are discussed; iii) electron (hole) transport and optical properties of semiconductors and their heterostructures; and iv) behavior of electrons in small and disordered structures. As much as possible I have attempted to relate semiconductor physics to modern device developments.
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Tadbirkorlik asoslari
O'quv qo'llanmada O'zbekistonda tadbirkorlik faoliyatini tashkil etish, amalga oshirish, rivojlantirish, qo'llab-quvvatlashning nazariy, huquqiy, ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy asoslari hamda taraqqiyot yutuqlari, muammolari va istiqbollari yoritilgan.
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English 3
Mazkur o'quv qo'llanma, asosiy mutaxasisligi ingliz tili bo’lmagan oliy o’quv yurti talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan bo’lib, ingliz tili fan dasturi asosida tuzilgan. O'quv qo'llanmani yaratishdan maqsad, talabalarni o’z mutaxasisliklari doirasida bo’lgan ilmiy adabiyotni o’qishi, tushunishi, amaliy ingliz tili fanidan o’rganilayotgan mavzu bo’yicha o’zaro suhbat qila olishlari ko’zda tutadi.
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Ingliz tili
Mazkur o'quv qo'llanma, asosiy mutaxasisligi ingliz tili bo’lmagan oliy o’quv yurti talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan bo’lib, ingliz tili fan dasturi asosida tuzilgan. O'quv qo'llanmani yaratishdan maqsad, talabalarni o’z mutaxasisliklari doirasida bo’lgan ilmiy adabiyotni o’qishi, tushunishi, amaliy ingliz tili fanidan o’rganilayotgan mavzu bo’yicha o’zaro suhbat qila olishlari ko’zda tutadi.
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Brush up yuor English
Mazkur darslik, asosiy mutaxasisligi ingliz tili bo’lmagan oliy o’quv yurti talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan bo’lib, ingliz tili fan dasturi asosida tuzilgan. Darslikni yaratishdan maqsad, talabalarni o’z mutaxasisliklari doirasida bo’lgan ilmiy adabiyotni o’qishi, tushunishi, amaliy ingliz tili fanidan o’rganilayotgan mavzu bo’yicha o’zaro suhbat qila olishlari ko’zda tutadi.
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AMALIY MEXANIKA
«Amaliy mexanika» mashinasozlikdan boshqa yo'nalishdagi bakalavrlarni umumtexnik tayyorgarlik asosini tashkil etuvchi fandir. Ushbu darslik «Amaliy mexanika» kursi bo'yicha tuzilgan 180 - 200 soatli namunaviy dastur asosida yozilgan.
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English for Academica (Book 1)
Mazkur darslik, asosiy mutaxasisligi ingliz tili bo’lmagan oliy o’quv yurti talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan bo’lib, ingliz tili fan dasturi asosida tuzilgan. Darslikni yaratishdan maqsad, talabalarni o’z mutaxasisliklari doirasida bo’lgan ilmiy adabiyotni o’qishi, tushunishi, amaliy ingliz tili fanidan o’rganilayotgan mavzu bo’yicha o’zaro suhbat qila olishlari ko’zda tutadi.
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English for Beginners
Mazkur darslik, asosiy mutaxasisligi ingliz tili bo’lmagan oliy o’quv yurti talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan bo’lib, ingliz tili fan dasturi asosida tuzilgan. Darslikni yaratishdan maqsad, talabalarni o’z mutaxasisliklari doirasida bo’lgan ilmiy adabiyotni o’qishi, tushunishi, amaliy ingliz tili fanidan o’rganilayotgan mavzu bo’yicha o’zaro suhbat qila olishlari ko’zda tutadi.