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Otonomi Desa Merupakan Otonomi yang Asli, Bulat dan Utuh

Buku ini membahas secara mendalam mengenai konsep otonomi asli bagi pemerintah desa di Indonesia. Penulis menguraikan kewenangan kesatuan masyarakat hukum adat untuk mengatur dan mengurus kepentingan masyarakat setempat berdasarkan hak asal usul dan adat istiadat yang berlaku. Dibandingkan dengan otonomi daerah tingkat provinsi atau kabupaten, otonomi desa memiliki karakteristik unik sebagai sistem pemerintahan yang bersifat asli dan telah dijalankan turun-temurun. Melalui analisis hukum, khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah, buku ini memberikan panduan komprehensif agar pelaksanaan pemerintahan desa dapat menjadi lebih berdaya guna dan berhasil guna sesuai dengan perkembangan zaman.

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Tarihi (1300-1600)

Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun Kuruluş ve Yükseliş Tarihi (1300-1600), Osmanlı Beyliği'nin kuruluşundan başlayarak imparatorluk haline gelişi ve yükseliş dönemine kadar geçen siyasi, sosyal ve jeopolitik süreci derinlemesine incelemektedir. Prof. Dr. Feridun M. Emecen tarafından kaleme alınan bu eser, ilk Osmanlılar, Balkanlar'daki fetihler, İskân politikaları, devlet teşkilatı, Timur'un Anadolu'ya yürüyüşü gibi dönüm noktalarını bilimsel bir perspektifle ele alarak, Osmanlı devlet mekanizmasının ve imparatorluk fikrinin evrimini belgeler ışığında okuyucuya sunmaktadır.

National Lexicography Units: Past, Present, Future

This article deals with the national dictionary offices of the previous bilingual dispensation, the eleven official national dictionary offices in the present multilingual dispensation in South Africa, and the future prospects of these offices. It discusses the past dispensation in terms of the need and reasons for the establishment of national dictionary offices, i.e. national lexicography units (NLUs). Attention is given to the prescripts of the National Lexicography Units Bill (1996) for the establishment of NLUs, as well as the transfer of these units from the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology to the Pan South African Language Board. The restructuring of dictionary units that existed prior to the multilingual dispensation is considered, together with the establishment of new dictionary units for the official African languages. The present situation is dealt with by describing the status quo at the NLUs in terms of housing, administration, funding, management, training, computerisation, cooperation, production and the like. The article concludes with some questions and reservations about the future of the NLUs, followed by a number of apposite recommendations.

Naro Dictionary: Naro-English, English-Naro

This fourth edition of Visser's Naro Dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary of 240 pages, serving as a significant contribution to the documentation of Khoesan languages. The work is the result of more than 10 years of lexical compilation and is divided into two main parts: Naro-English and English-Naro. It includes phonetic transcriptions in IPA, tone patterns, and appendices containing lists of specific lexical items such as fauna, flora, and numerals. Designed for both local Naro speakers and international scholars, the dictionary provides a wealth of information about Naro culture, linguistic morphology, and world view, while also serving as a critical tool for the preservation of an endangered language.

METÁFORAS E LINGUÍSTICA DE CORPUS: METODOLOGIA DE ANÁLISE APLICADA A UM GÊNERO DE NEGÓCIOS

O presente trabalho visa a relatar o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de identificação de metáforas em corpora eletrônicos. Como exemplo, foi tomado o gênero teleconferências de apresentação de resultados financeiros. A metodologia é do tipo bottom-up / corpus-driven e se baseia na identificação de palavras com frequência marcante (palavras-chave) e de seus padrões de co-ocorrência, seguido do cálculo de similaridade semântica entre essas palavras. Com isso, chega-se a um conjunto de palavras que são então interpretadas em seu co-texto, por meio de concordâncias.

Materials of the International Conference «Upbringing of Educated and Intellectually Advanced Generation as the Most Important Condition of Sustainable Development and Modernization of the Country»

The book contains materials from the International Conference held in Tashkent on February 16-17, 2012. It includes the addresses of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Karimov and the President of the Asian Development Bank Haruhiko Kuroda, as well as plenary session statements and insights from international experts on educational reforms, youth development, and sustainable national modernization in the context of globalization and economic challenges.

MANAGING TASK-RELATED TROUBLE IN L2 ORAL PROFICIENCY TESTS: CONTRASTING INTERACTION DATA AND RATER ASSESSMENT

The present study takes as an empirical point of departure the nature of interaction in second language speaking tests. We examine the relationship between ratings of students’ performance in an oral proficiency test and the social practice of conducting ‘test talk’. Using conversation analysis, our focal point is how students in peer-driven test interactions manage trouble related to the task-at-hand. Given that students were assessed not only on their linguistic skills, but also on their interactional ability and treatment of topics assigned, our emphasis on task management stems from a hypothesis that orientation to the test task is intimately connected to overall test outcome. We demonstrate that different types of task-related trouble (TRT) reveal diverse understandings of the test task and that ‘doing-being a successful task manager’ is connected to a moderate orientation to the task and test format. Students displaying such task management strategies were also assessed as highly proficient, whereas other task management strategies identified in our study correlated with low scores and grades. However, the relationship between subskill ratings and task management was not always clear-cut. We argue that the diverging understandings of the test task that learners display become part of how they are assessed and that certain task management strategies are rated less favorably than others. Our study holds promise for the fine-tuning of oral proficiency subskill ratings and raises questions as to the framing of test tasks, since this appears to have implications for student performance and evaluation.

Localisation - When Language, Culture and Technology Join Forces

This article explores the concept of localization, a critical industry that bridges the gap between language, culture, and technology in the modern era. It traces the history of software development from its English-centric origins in Silicon Valley to the realization that foreign market penetration required language-specific versions. The text defines localization, distinguishes it from simple translation, and explains the GILT framework (Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, and Translation). Furthermore, it addresses technical challenges, such as separating machine code from user text using code pages, handling diverse writing systems, and the potential pitfalls of using national flags in user interfaces, emphasizing the need for cultural neutrality in design.

Literatur - Universalie und Kulturenspezifikum

Die Kultur- und Geisteswissenschaften haben in jüngster Zeit die Debatte um sogenannte „Universalien“ neu angeregt: Betrachten wir auch Literatur als „Universalie“, die in jeder Kultur anzutreffen ist, so können wir uns fragen: a) was zeichnet Literatur als anthropologische Konstante aus; b) welche spezifischen Prägungen von „Literatur“ sind in den verschiedenen Sprach-, Zeit- und Kulturräumen anzutreffen – und wie lassen sie sich vergleichen; c) wie ist es der Literatur im Verlauf der Kontaktgeschichte menschlicher Kulturen gelungen, zwischen verschiedenen, oft divergierenden Auffassungen zu vermitteln? Dabei wird auch das weite Feld literarischer Grenzenüberschreitungen und Brückengänge angeschnitten: Übersetzungen, polyglotte oder „interkulturelle“ Literaturen, Reise- und ethnographische Berichte. Der Hauptteil des Bandes widmet sich dem Wechselspiel von kultureller Geprägtheit und universalem literarischen Ausdruckswillen – theoretisch fundiert; in Beispielanalysen mit Blick von außen auf die deutschsprachige Literatur sowie in der Frage nach der Repräsentation von Welt in Texten der deutschsprachigen Literatur. Das Schlusskapitel „Interkulturelle Textwerkstatt“ gibt Einblick in einen zunehmend zentral werdenden Aspekt der Gegenwartsliteratur.

Literatur, Sprache und Institution

Der vorliegende Band versammelt verschiedene Beiträge, die sich mit den komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Literatur, Sprache und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen befassen. Im Fokus stehen dabei sowohl literaturwissenschaftliche Analysen als auch sprachwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen, die den Einfluss von Institutionen auf die Produktion, Rezeption und Interpretation von Texten untersuchen. Ergänzt wird die Sammlung durch Berichte zu wissenschaftlichen Auszeichnungen wie dem Wendelin Schmidt-Dengler-Preis sowie aktuelle Vorträge zu Themen wie der institutionellen Rolle der Medien, der Rolle von Gattungen in der Literaturwissenschaft und sprachkritischen Ansätzen bei Autoren wie Fritz Mauthner.

Linguistic Politeness and Greeting Rituals in German-speaking Switzerland

This paper describes the results of research into linguistic politeness in German-speaking Switzerland (GSS) and into one type of politeness in particular, namely the speech acts of greeting and leave-taking denoted by the German verb grüssen. The research examines how speakers of Swiss German, both young and old, adhere to strict conventions of polite behavior. Through a qualitative survey, the author explores the social significance of greeting rituals, the concept of face needs in communication, and the importance of phatic communication, grooming talk, and local conventions in maintaining social cohesion and expressing respect and affection.

Les formes du sens: Études de linguistique française, médiévale et générale offertes à Robert Martin à l'occasion de ses 60 ans

Cet ouvrage collectif constitue un hommage rendu au linguiste Robert Martin à l'occasion de son soixantième anniversaire. Il rassemble des études spécialisées en linguistique française, médiévale et générale, explorant les multiples facettes du sens dans le langage, la structure des formes linguistiques et les enjeux théoriques de la discipline.

Les femmes et le langage selon Charles Bally: "des moments de décevante inadvertance"?

Cet article examine l'œuvre du linguiste suisse Charles Bally sous l'angle de la problématique du genre et du langage, un domaine souvent désigné sous l'appellation 'Language and Gender'. L'auteure souligne que, bien que Bally soit surtout connu pour ses travaux sur l'énonciation et la stylistique, il a abordé à plusieurs reprises, de manière éparse, des questions liées au traitement des femmes et du féminin par la langue française. L'objectif est de mettre en lumière ces réflexions, souvent ignorées par la tradition linguistique, et de démontrer que Bally ne se limitait pas à une vision purement formelle du genre grammatical, mais qu'il considérait la langue comme un fait social en résonance avec des idéologies et des croyances collectives.

Problems and Instruments of Business Cycle Analysis

This volume presents a selection of papers from the 13th CIRET Conference held in Munich in 1977. The collection focuses on the methodology and application of business cycle surveys, discussing topics such as the predictive value of survey data, the utilization of qualitative information in econometric modeling, and forecasts of capital expenditures. Experts explore how business, investment, and consumer surveys serve as essential instruments for understanding economic fluctuations and planning. The book provides critical insights into the role of indicators, psychological factors in economic trends, and the causal structures of expectations within the international economic landscape.

Learning to Disambiguate Syntactic Relations

This article describes a fast broad-coverage state-of-the-art parser that uses a carefully hand-written grammar and probability-based machine learning approaches on the syntactic level. It is shown in detail which statistical learning models based on Maximum-Likelihood Estimation (MLE) can support a highly developed linguistic grammar in the disambiguation process, combining deep-linguistic dependency grammar with probabilistic scores for improved performance and efficiency.

Learning Document Similarity Using Natural Language Processing

This paper addresses the challenge of organizing large collections of unstructured text documents into meaningful groups to improve browsing and visualization. The authors utilize Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) to create a 2-dimensional visual map of document collections. To overcome the computational efficiency challenges associated with creating these maps, the study proposes linguistically-motivated methods for reducing document representation, specifically by selecting prominent words based on their syntactic position. Additionally, the paper explores the impact of word sense disambiguation techniques on the quality of the clusters produced in SOMs, utilizing the Fips parsing system for syntactic analysis and a context-based approach for word sense disambiguation, tested on the Reuters document collection.