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Elementary Condensed Matter Physics

The Pauli principle has strong consequences here. The tunneling of electrons between atoms favors the bonding state but if the electrons have the same spin projection this is not possible. Thus atoms with the same spin projection repel each other. In some way, as we bring two H atoms together we are trying to form a He atom. If the spins were the same the electronic configuration should be 1s 2s by the Pauli principle. If we had the atoms with electrons with opposite spin then we would get 1s² which is lower in energy. For the anti-bonding state we can have the electrons with the same spin but in this case the atom will not be stable (as shown in Fig.1.7). Thus, the ground state of the H₂ atom has to be a singlet state.

GEOGRAFIYА O’QITISH METODIKASI

Ushbu darslikda unda bo’lg’usi geografiya o’qituvchilarining ilmiy-metodik tayyorgarligini tarkib toptirish va rivojlantirish uchun zarur bo’lgan geografiya o’qitish metodikasining maqsad va vazifalari, rivojlanish tarixi, geografiya o’qitishning dolzarb muammolariga doir ma’lumotlarni o’z ichiga olgan

Оптимальные методы теории линейной фильтрации случайных процессов

Значительное внимание уделено вопросам разработки конструктивных методов синтеза оптимальных фильтров (включая спектральную факторизацию положительных операторов и представление оптимального фильтра в рекуррентной форме).

ELECTRO-OPTICS HANDBOOK

It’s often difficult to predict which areas of a field will become rejuvenated and grow rapidly or spin off to fit with another to form something new. The field of electro-optics is also unpredictable, but currently it has numerous forces acting on it. First is the development of new optical sources such as ultrafast lasers and fiber lasers to compete with semiconductor devices for pumping and lasing. The vast riches that can be obtained by work outside the visible seem to be opening up. Sources and fibers for telecommunications are moving ahead rapidly and new display devices may eventually bring an end to the vacuum tube cathode ray tubes. We believe that the material in this book will find an interested audience for many years. This second edition of the Electro-Optics Handbook both updates individual chapters where needed and adds additional chapters where new fields have emerged. Electro-optics remains a dynamic area and that will continue and broaden into many new areas. Our thanks to Steve Chapman for his help getting this edition in progress and to Marcia Patchan and Petra Captein for much of the work to move it toward composition.

ГЕОГРАФИЯ ФАНИДАН МАЪРУЗА МАТНЛАР Т Ў П Л А М И

Ушбу маъруза матни Фарғона вилоят педагог кадрларни қайта тайёрлаш ва малакасини ошириш институти “Табиий фанлар таълими” кафедрасининг иқтисодиёт фани йўналиши бўйича малака ошириш курси тингловчилари учун маъруза матни тайёрланган бўлиб, Халқ таълими тизимининг умумий ўрта таълим мактабларининг география фани ўқитувчилари учун мўлжалланган.

POWER ELECTRONICS

Power electronics deals with the applications of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power. Conversion techniques require the switching on and off of power semiconductor devices. Low-level electronics circuits, which normally consist of integrated circuits and discrete components, generate the re- quired gating signals for the power devices. Integrated circuits and discrete com- ponents are being replaced by microprocessors. An ideal power device should have no switching-on and off limitations in terms of turn-on time, turn-off time, current, and voltage handling capabilities. Power semiconductor technology is rapidly developing fast switching power devices with increasing voltage and current limits. Power switching devices such as power BJTs, power MOSFETS, MOSIGTS, SCRS, TRIACS, GTOs, and other semicon- ductor devices are finding increasing applications in a wide range of products. With the availability of faster switching devices, the applications of modern micro- processors in synthesizing the control strategy for gating power devices to meet the conversion specifications are widening the scope of power electronics. The po- tential applications of power electronics is yet to be fully explored.

ГЕОГРАФИЯ ТАЪЛИМИ ЖОНКУЯРЛАРИ

Мазкур рисолада укиш ёки мехдат фаолиятлари Низомий номидаги ТДПУ билан узвий богланган, республикада география фани ва уни укитиш методикаси сохаси ривожига самарали хисса кушган етук географ-методист олимлар хамда ил гор мактаб география укитувчиларининг хаёти ва илмий-педагогик фаолиятлари тугрисида маълумотлар берилган. Рисола магистрантлар, бакалавриат талабалари, катта илмий ходим изланувчилар, урта махсус таълим тизими ва умумтаълим мактабларининг укитувчилари хамда кенг оммага мулжалланган

GEOGRAFIYa TA’LIMI METODIKASI

Maskur o’quv qo’llanma universitetlarning 5440500-geografiya mutaxassisliklari talabalariga shuningdek, geografiya o’qituvchilari tayyorlaydigan pedagogika universitetlari va institutlarning talabalariga hamda maktab geografiya o’qituvchilari uchun mo’ljallangan. Maskur o’quv qo’llanma kirish va olti qismdan iborat. Birinchi qismGeografiya o’kitish metodikasi fanining maksadi va vazifalariga hamda ushbu fanning rivojlanish tarixiga bag’ishlangan.

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND MAGNETO-OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

In 1845 Faraday discovered [1] that the polarization vector of linearly polarized light is rotated upon transmission through a sample that is exposed to a magnetic field parallel to the propagation direction of the light. About 30 years later, Kerr [2] observed that when linearly polarized light is reflected from a magnetic solid, its polarization plane also becomes rotated over a small angle with respect to that of the incident light. This discovery has become known as the magneto-optical (MO) Kerr effect. Since then, many other magnetooptical effects, as for example the Zeeman, Voigt and Cotton-Mouton effects [3], have been discovered. These effects all have in common that they are due to a different interaction of left- and right-hand circularly polarized light with a magnetic solid. The Kerr effect has now been known for more than a century, but it was only in recent times that it became the subject of intensive investigation. The reason for this recent development is twofold: first, the Kerr effect is relevant for modern data storage technology, because it can be used to ‘read’ suitably stored magnetic information in an optical manner [4, 5] and second, the Kerr effect has rapidly developed into an appealing spectroscopic tool in materials research. The technological research on the Kerr effect was initially motivated by the search for good magneto-optical materials that could be used as information storage media. In the course of this research, the Kerr spectra of many ferromagnetic materials were investigated. An overview of the experimental and theoretical data collected on the Kerr effect can be found in the review articles by Buschow [6], Reim and Schoenes [7], Schoenes [8], Ebert [9], Antonov et al. [10, 11], and Oppeneer [12].

География ва табиатдан фойдаланиш

Табиатдан тўғри фойдаланиш масаласи шу қадар жиддий ва мураккаб, уни ҳал этишда ишлаб чиқариш билан бевосита боғлиқ фанлар ҳам, барча ижтимоий ва фундаментал табиий фанлар ҳам, шунингдек медицина ҳам иштирок қилиши зарур. Табиатдан тўғри фойдаланиш масаласини ўрганиш ва ҳал этишда илмий тад қиқот объектининг характери ва кўламига кўра геогра фия фани алоҳида ўрин тутади.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUIT THEORY

It is now some 50 years since the first transistor was introduced on December 23, 1947. For those of us who experienced the change from glass envelope tubes to the solid-state era, it still seems like a few short years ago. The first edition of this text contained heavy coverage of tubes, with succeeding editions involving the important decision of how much coverage should be dedicated to tubes and how much to semiconductor devices. It no longer seems valid to mention tubes at all or to compare the advantages of one over the other—we are firmly in the solid-state era. The miniaturization that has resulted leaves us to wonder about its limits. Complete systems now appear on wafers thousands of times smaller than the single element of earlier networks. New designs and systems surface weekly. The engineer becomes more and more limited in his or her knowledge of the broad range of advances— it is difficult enough simply to stay abreast of the changes in one area of research or development. We have also reached a point at which the primary purpose of the container is simply to provide some means of handling the device or system and to provide a mechanism for attachment to the remainder of the network. Miniaturization appears to be limited by three factors (each of which will be addressed in this text): the quality of the semiconductor material itself, the network design technique, and the limits of the manufacturing and processing equipment

ИННОВАЦИОН ТАДБИРКОРЛИК ФАОЛИЯТИНИ ВЕНЧУР ФОНДЛАРИ ОРҚАЛИ МОЛИЯЛАШТИРИШНИНГ ТАШКИЛИЙ- ИҚТИСОДИЙ МЕХАНИЗМИНИ ТАКОМИЛЛАШТИРИШ

Жаҳонда инновацион тадбиркорлик фаолиятини венчур фондлари орқали молиялаштириш механизмини такомиллаштириш, инновацион лойиҳалар, стартаплар ҳамда илмий тадқиқот намуналарини венчур фондлари ёрдамида молиялаштириш, илм-фан тараққиётига йўналтирилган инвестициялар кўламини ошириш, инновацион лойиҳаларни молиялаштиришга жалб қилинган стратегик инвесторларга таъсирчан солиқ имтиёзлари тақдим этиш, давлат-хусусий шериклик асосида инновацион лойиҳалар-стартаплар фаолият натижаларини тижоратлаштиришни амалга оширувчи марказлар фаолиятини йўлга қўйиш ва уларни давлат томонидан молиявий қўллаб-қувватлаш; инновацион лойиҳаларни узлуксиз молиялаштиришга эришиш мақсадида бирлашган тадбиркорлик субъектлари гуруҳи томонидан венчур фондларини тузиш ҳамда мазкур фондлар маблағларини шакллантириш ва истиқболли лойиҳаларга йўналтириш механизмини ишлаб чиқиш тадқиқотларнинг устувор йўналишлари ҳисобланади.

GEOGRAFIYANING ASOSIY MUAMMOLARI

Jamiyat rivoji bilan uni o'rganuvchi fanlarning tadqiqot ob'ekti ham murakkablashib va takomillashib boradi. Bu tabiiy va o'z-o'zicha qonuniy holdir. Jumladan, iqtisodiy geografiyaning ob'ekti avvallari ma'lum bir mamlakat yoki rayonning xo'jalik va aholisi, ishlab chiqarish kuchlarining joylanishidan iborat bo'lgan bo'lsa, keyinchalik u xo'jalik va aholining xududiy tarkibi yoki tizimi, hududiy ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy majmualar (komplekslar) shaklini oldi. Shunga muvofiq ushbu fanning vazifasi ham o'zgarib bordi. Chunonchi, ilgari asosiy e'tibor qaerda nima borligini o'rganishga qaratilgan bo'lsa, hozirgi kunda esa nima uchun u yoki bu voqelik aynan shu joyda vujudga kelganligini ilmiy asosda izoxlab va baholab berilishi talab, qilinadi. Bunday qonuniyatlarni chuqur anglash fanning amaliy (konstruktiv) ahamiyatini yanada oshiradi. Chunki, u endi turli yiriklikdagi hududiy

Electronic Circuit Analysis

Since publishing first edition of this book three years back, there are few additions in the subject and also as a result of receiving some feedback, it has become imperative to bring another edition to cover the lapses and bring the text mor:e useful to students. In the second edition, I have reorganised the chapters and also added few subchapters like High Frequency Amplifiers, Stability Considerations, UPS and SMPS in the respective chapters. The author is indebted to Sri. M.V. Ramanaiah, Associate Professor in the Department of ECE, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad for his efforts in going through the book and making the symbols etc. more perfect which were cropped up at the time of typing the text.

ИННOВАЦИOН РИВOЖЛАНИШ НЕГИЗИДА БАРҚАРOР ИҚТИСOДИЙ ЎСИШ МЕХАНИЗМИНИ ТАКOМИЛЛАШТИРИШ

Мустақиллик йилларида олдинги тизимдан мерос бўлиб қолган, маънавий ва жисмоний эскирган асосий воситаларни юксак даражадаги замонавий техника ва юқори технологияларга алмаштириш, уларни ишлаб чиқаришга татбиқ этиш орқали инновацион иқтисодиётга ўтиш борасида катта саъй-ҳаракатлар қилинмоқда. "2017-2021 йилларда Ўзбекистон Республикасини ривожлантиришнинг бешта устувор йўналиши бўйича Ҳаракатлар стратегияси"нинг қабул қилиниши, 2018 йилнинг юртимизда “Фаол тадбиркорлик, инновацион ғоялар 2 ва технологияларни қўллаб қувватлаш йили" деб эълон қилиниши ҳам мазкур йўналишда қўйилган муҳим қадамдир. Зеро, "Инновация бу келажак дегани.

Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties of Semiconductor Structures

Semiconductor-based technologies continue to evolve and astound us. New materials, new structures, and new manufacturing tools have allowed novel high performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. To understand modern semiconductor devices and to design future devices, it is important that one know the underlying physical phenomena that are exploited for devices. This includes the properties of electrons in semiconductors and their heterostructures and how these electrons respond to the outside world. This book is written for a reader who is interested in not only the physics of semiconductors, but also in how this physics can be exploited for devices. The text addresses the following areas of semiconductor physics: i) electronic properties of semiconductors including bandstructures, effective mass concept, donors, acceptors, excitons, etc.; ii) techniques that allow modifications of electronic properties; use of alloys, quantum wells, strain and polar charge are discussed; iii) electron (hole) transport and optical properties of semiconductors and their heterostructures; and iv) behavior of electrons in small and disordered structures. As much as possible I have attempted to relate semiconductor physics to modern device developments.